The Integration of African-American in Competitive Basketball Essay Example for Free

The Integration of African-American in Competitive Basketball Essay Basketball was invented by the Canadian-American physician, educator, and clergyman James Naismith in December 1891, who was then an instructor at the Young Men’s Christian Association Training School in Springfield, Massachusetts. The game of basketball being played by both men and women rapidly spread around America and Canada, as well as in other parts of the world. Because of its attractiveness as an informal outdoor game, servicemen of the United States all through the World War II played and introduced the sport in numerous countries. Between 1893 and 1895, many colleges in the United States adopted the game, and for the first time in 1934, college games were played in New York City’s Madison Square Garden, therefore attracting much interest in college basketball. By the 1950s, basketball had developed into a major college sport, leading the way for the escalation of interest in and, consequently, development of professional basketball in 1898 by the National Basketball League. By 1960s, professional teams from every State played before millions of crowds annually. Since the 1980s the National Basketball Association, successor of the NBL, has become one of the most well-liked sports organizations in the world, relatively on account of the marketability of several remarkable star players, most notably the African-American descents like Michael Jordan, Kobe Bryant and Lebron James. Discrimination of African-American in College Basketball Leagues During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, competitive sports were greatly recognized in the United States. Although basketball, unlike in baseball, hockey, and football, was an urban sport played by a diverse population on every level, African-American players were excluded (Parks, Quarterman, Thibault, 2007, p. 99). Because of the popularity of basketball, the American Basketball Association was organized in 1925 and as expected no African-Americans were allowed to join. The case was also true for the Basketball Association of America, which was organized in 1946. Up until 1950, universities and colleges, mainly in the South side of the United States, were prohibited to have a team sport composed of black and white players in view of the Jim Crow Laws. Nevertheless, a number of predominant white universities in the North side of the country did utilize African-Americans on their basketball teams. Some examples were William King of Long Island University, Lawrence Bleach of Detroit University, and Ben Franklin and Bob Yancy of Boston University. Jim Crow Laws Throughout the 1870s and 1880s, in the South side of the United States, it was not unusual for whites and blacks to make use of the same public facilities. However, Supreme Court decisions started to strip away the accomplishments of the Reconstruction movement. Following the American Civil War, most States in South passed state and local anti-African legislation, which were eventually recognized as Jim Crow laws. This included laws that discriminated against African-Americans with regards to public schools attendance and the use of facilities such as public baths, cinemas, hotels, theaters and restaurants. Jim Crow was more than a series of unyielding anti-Black laws, as it was at the time considered a lifestyle. Eventually, however, in 1954 in Brown v. Board of Education case, the Supreme Court of the United States declared State-sponsored school segregation as unconstitutional, and the remaining Jim Crow laws were generally overruled by the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Miller, Wiggins, 2004, p. 236). Integration of African-Americans in Professional Basketball Prior to the integration of any of the major sport leagues, the National Basketball League already welcomed African-American players that, as a result, forever changed the games. Most followers of the sport may not even be aware of the African-American players and the National Basketball League’s ground-breaking undertakings given that the integration in the NBL and professional basketball in general came with much less elaboration and fewer setbacks than it did in other major sports. In 1942, the National Basketball League, a forerunner to the National Basketball Association, became the first major professional basketball league of the contemporary period to integrate (Parks, Quarterman, Thibault, 2007, p. 99). Integration of African-American in basketball came 16 years before Willie O’Ree skated for the National Hockey League’s Boston Bruins, five years before Jackie Robinson broke the color barrier in Major League Baseball, and four years before Kenny Washington played football for the Los Angeles Rams of the National Football League (Miller, Wiggins, 2004, p. 235). Unlike professional hockey, football, and baseball, basketball did not integrate a single black player, seeing that during the 1942-1943 season, the National Basketball League integrated 10 African-American players for the two of the league’s teams, namely the Chicago Studebakers and the Toledo Jim White Chevrolets. Bill Jones, a college star-player at the University of Toledo, and one of the last living African-American players from that period, played four games for the Chevrolets. Jones, together with his fellow African-American teammates, Casey Jones, Al Price, and Shanty Barnett, made an immediate impression on the league, introducing some much-needed athleticism and speed to the game. The effect of African-American players to the game, by virtue of their skill, was instantly felt by the fans and other players. In 1943, the National Basketball League’s Cleveland franchise acquired African-American players, and by the same year blacks were playing in such cities as Youngstown, Rochester, and Tri-Cities. Eventually, in 1948 the Dayton team as well integrated. Notwithstanding their pioneering endeavors, both the Toledo and Studebakers disbanded. Nevertheless, the National Basketball League’s contribution to the integration of basketball continued all the way through the league’s final season in 1948-49. Nevertheless, it was not until the 1946-47 season that African-American players joined the league in appreciable numbers. The Rochester Royals, behind owner Les Harrison, acquired former Long Island University star Dolly King, the Tri-Cities Blackhawks signed the Harlem Renaissance star William â€Å"Pop† Gates, and Youngstown acquired the versatile Bill Farrow. Eventually, the Dayton Rens, coached by Gates, became the first all-African-American team to ever participate in a white dominated professional league. In 1965, Texas Western University with a team exclusively composed of African-American players, won the Division I NCAA Championship. It was the first time in an NCAA title game that an all-Black team played an all-white team (Miller, Wiggins, 2004, p. 244). Integration and Popularity of African-American in the NBA Although 80 percent of the current National Basketball Association players are African-American, yet in the first half of the 20th century professional basketball was contaminated by acts of racism, keeping numerous talented African-American off the courts. Originally, every team in the NBA was made up of entirely Caucasian players, but the 1950’s opened several significant changes for African-Americans in the world of basketball. Chuck Cooper became the first African-American to play in the National Basketball Association, and from 1950 to 1960, the professional league witnessed the arrivals of Elgin Baylor, Oscar Robertson, Wilt Chamberlain, and Bill Russell (Miller, Wiggins, 2004, p. 235). The aforesaid players started the ball rolling for Magic Johnson, Karl Malone, Julius Erving, Michael Jordan and now Kobe Bryant and Lebron James. In a period of 50 years, American professional basketball started out from 100 percent down to only 16 percent European-American players, and today, African-American dominated the rosters of the National Basketball Association. In part this trend of professional basketball rosters can be attributed to the ways in which African-American players bring to the game. In 1996, the National Basketball Association named its all time fifty greatest players, composing of 31 African-American and 18 European-American. In 2001, the Basketball Hall of Fame included 34 African-Americans out of the 113 inductees. To a number of fans and many in the media today, the appeal of basketball is tied up with admiring concept of African-American life. Conclusion Basketball is a team competition that has been changed by the presence of African-American, and is now becoming a significant lightning-rod of social, political and cultural change in the United States for over a century. Although the power and grace of Black athleticism has now achieved the high regard and approval of the world, yet for years it was forced to stay on the bench, as segregation in America were severely grounded on race. Like other areas of society, African-Americans’ struggle to be admitted into the world of professional basketball revealed the discriminatory policies and segregated practices of the time. The history of American basketball reveals a compelling chronicle regarding athletic competition in a nation struggling to live up to its principles of democracy and equality. The professional league was without doubt forward thinking and ahead of its time in the utilization and integration of African-American basketball players. Even so, African-American pioneering players have squarely fortified the impact brought by the National Basketball League. People may not appropriately recognize the effects of their undertaking today given that very little recognition has been attributed to the pioneering players of the National Basketball League. Accordingly, African-Americans have changed the National Basketball Association and the manner the game is played today. Collectively African-American players helped bring new confidence, excitement, and energy to professional basketball. The integration is, without doubt, an indicator of the social, political and cultural maturity in the United States. Speech Presentation During the 1950s, basketball had developed into a major sport, leading the way for the intensification of interest in the game. The game of basketball, unlike in baseball, hockey, and football, was an urban sport played by a diverse population on every level; nevertheless, African-American players were excluded. Universities and colleges, mainly in the South side of the United States, were prohibited to have a team sport composed of black and white players in view of the Jim Crow Laws. In 1942, the National Basketball League, a forerunner to the National Basketball Association, became the first major professional basketball league to integrate. The professional league was forward thinking and ahead of its time in the employment and integration of African-American basketball players. Unlike professional hockey, football, and baseball, basketball did not integrate a single black player, seeing that during the 1942-43 season, the National Basketball League integrated 10 African-American players. The effect of African-American players to the game, by virtue of their skill, was instantly felt by the fans and other players. Chuck Cooper became the first African-American to play in the National Basketball Association, and from 1950 to 1960, the professional league witnessed the arrivals of Elgin Baylor, Oscar Robertson, Wilt Chamberlain, and Bill Russell. The aforesaid players started the ball rolling for Magic Johnson, Karl Malone, Julius Erving, Michael Jordan and now Kobe Bryant and Lebron James. Although the power and grace of Black athleticism has now achieved the high regard and approval of the world, yet for years it was forced to stay on the bench. Like other areas of society, the African-Americans’ struggle to be admitted into the world of professional basketball revealed the discriminatory policies and segregated practices of the time. Without a doubt, the history of American basketball reveals a compelling chronicle concerning athletic competition in a nation struggling to live up to its principles of democracy and equality. References Miller, P. B. , Wiggins, D. (2004). Sport and the color line: black athletes and race relations in twentieth-century America. New York: Routledge. Parks, J. B. , Quarterman, J. , Thibault, L. (2007). Contemporary sport management. Human Kinetics.

Varicella â€Zoster Virus Essay -- Health, Diseases, Chickenpox

Varicella –Zoster Virus (VZV) is a ubiquitous, double standard DNA virus that belongs to the herpes virus group. Like other herpes viruses, VZV may persist in the body after primary infection .VZV is a virus exists across the globe having a high prevalence in temperate climates. It also has a high prevalence in seasons of late winter and early spring. The primary infection results in Varicella (chicken pox) whereas recurrent infection causes herpes zoster (shingles). The virus is approximately 150 to 200 nanometer in size, is the smallest of the known viruses causing herpes and lacks genes for several proteins found in HSV, which is the prototype of the alpha herpes viruses, such as glycoprotein D (Mandell et al., 2009). The virus has a high sensitivity to temperature and becomes inactivated at approximately 56-60 degrees Celsius (Arvin, 1996). If it is was exposed to such a high temperature the viral envelope would be disrupted making the virus not infectious. Varicella zoste r virus produces six or more glycoproteins, such as gB (gpII), gC (gpIV), gE (gpI), gH(gpIII), and gL, which are also expressed on the cell membranes during viral replication (Arvin, 1996). The gE protein is produced abundantly in VZV. The gB protein is the target of neutralizing antibodies and may play a role in virus entry. The gH protein appears to have fusion function, facilitating cell –to-cell spread of the virus. The prevention of the spread of VZV is difficult because contagious persons can go 1 – 2 days without signs and symptoms (Arvin, 1996). VZV is transmitted by respiratory droplets or direct contact with rash lesions, and patients are usually contagious from a few days before rash onset until the rash has crusted over. VZV enters the body throu... ...l VZV infection (chickenpox) can contract chickenpox from someone with recurrent infection (shingles). In such cases, transmission occurs during exposure when the rash is in the blister-phase, not through sneezing or coughing. Treatments that are available consist of antiviral therapy such as acyclovir, famciclovir and valacyclovir (Stoppler, 2011). These antivirals help the severity of varicella and herpes zoster. An important vaccine that is available for people over the age of 60 is called Zostavax. Zostavax is available in the market which can reduce the risk of shingles (Stoppler, 2011). It is a live vaccine that boosts the immune system, provides protections against the virus and it complications. It has shown to reduce the risk of shingles by half in older individuals and also reduces the severity and length of disease in those who still develop shingles.

Final Draft

Football is a kind of sport which involves kicking a ball with our foot to score a goal. In football, the common skills include passing, tackling, catching and kicking the ball. There are some reasons why soccer has been the most popular sport in the world, including Indonesia. The first reason why soccer has been the most popular sport in Indonesia is because it is played on all levels. Soccer can be played by children, teenagers or even middle-aged man. Experts found out that professional Club academies recruit thousands of young footballers – some of hem only five years-old, meaning children can also play football.Dry. Jean- Pierre Marksmen, a director of medical team in soccer, estimate that the maximum age for soccer players is about 40 years old. He added that this age is for top-class players who play in a well-known league, so for older people who wants to play soccer just for fun, they still can play but they shouldn't force their body too much. In Addition, playing s occer could also bring health benefits to our body which includes: lowers body fat, builds strength, flexibility, and endurance.One of Soccer Expert, Timmy Sutherland, explained that â€Å"An increase in aerobic capacity allows soccer players to run farther for a longer period Of time. † This means as soccer increases our cardiac capacity, it also improve our endurance or body stamina. He also added that â€Å"As people get older, bone density becomes more of an issue. The repeated weight-bearing loads on the body during a soccer match are an excellent way to increase the strength of our skeletal frame†. In other words, playing soccer will increases muscle and bone strength. Soccer is a great sport for weight ass because it works your muscles in different ways.Playing soccer burns more calories than typical workouts because you ire forced to switch between using your aerobic and anaerobic energy pathways. Playing soccer burns for about 260 calories in half an hour. The refore, if you play soccer for an hour three times a week, you can burn 1,500 calories each week, and lose 2 pounds each month from playing soccer. Other than that, many people choose soccer as the best sport to play because it is challenging yet easy to play. As we know, it is hard to score a goal in soccer because we need to pass wrought 10 enemy players then shoot towards goalie to score a goal.One key thing in playing soccer is teamwork, in order to score goal easily, we must show a good teamwork and team cooperation, because compared with the one who play individually, we can save our energy and work as a team. In conclusion, soccer is the most popular sport in Indonesia because in soccer, running and kicking the ball, or even scoring a goal can burn a lot Of fat in our body and make our body healthy. For those who like soccer, kicking a soccer ball around is something that can be so addictive and they can spend hours ongoing it without getting bored. Final Draft Ethos pertains to ethical appeals; pathos relates to emotions and values; and lastly, logos communicates a logical appeal. Through the use of logos, ethos, and pathos, this paper will discuss how I became a member of my discourse community; which is my youth group. In addition, it will give you an insight into a large segment of my life. The first night was ever invited to join my youth group was during the fall of 2008. Sitting in youth group on Wednesday nights has taught me about God on a much deeper level and has helped me have a more personal connection with my Lord and Savior.Because have been in youth for six years I have developed logos by having a well-rounded knowledge of the Bible, and because of my level of experience. My youth group knows that they can come to me if they are ever stressed or concerned about anything, or even if they have any questions. Additionally, Robert and Leslie know they can come to me if they need help with the youth or setting up a game. Every no w and then, Leslie and Robert will plan a game night instead of teaching. It is during these nights that they usually pick me as a team captain because of my knowledge of the Bible, due to all my years in youth group.Now some naysayer might say that have not yet become a part of this discourse community, but this summer my youth group leaders believed otherwise. Throughout the years, have developed a strong bond with my youth group leaders. Because am one of the original members of our youth group, I have been there the longest along with my best friend, Andrea Camp-Valve. Traditionally, after a person graduates from high school, our youth group traders throw a party in celebration of their entrance into the adult congregation that meets at the same time.This year, for the first time since youth began, my youth group leaders offered my friend Andrea and I an assistant leadership position in youth, further cementing my ethos. Although assistant leadership positions have been offered to others before, this marks the first time it has been offered to someone our age. Leslie and Robert felt we truly know God's Word and could teach it if one day something came up and they had to be absent. With that being said, one of our responsibilities as assistant leaders is to share a message once every two months.Some of our other responsibilities include decorating the youth room; planning game nights once a month; and assisting in planning youth events such as lock-ins, parties, and any trips we may take. In previous years, I have attended countless mission trips with my youth group to Mexico. During these trips, I have had the privilege to pray and intercede for many families and children. On one of our youth group mission trips to Mexico, I went to a shelter for or orphan children with mental disabilities. This home is not funded by the government at all and has been able to survive throughout the years from donations and several volunteers.It was at this shelter where th e youth and I were able to help the owners clean up the grounds, paint fences and gates, and feed the children. Once I finished helping out with the outside work, I was able to sit down and color and read with these beautiful children. Although they were poor and had very little, was highly impacted by how happy the children were and how peaceful the atmosphere seemed. This experience helped me develop pathos by having some one-on-one time with these children and by helping the owners refurbish part Of the grounds.Over the past few years, I have been a part of numerous fundraisers that my youth group has held in order to raise money for the lower income families in my church to go on mission trips. At the same time, most of the money we have raised during these fundraisers has gone into donations we give to people or churches when we go on mission trips. For the past two years, my youth group has been able to raise enough money to host a summer camp or the children in Mexico in two different churches. This is a very large feat for our youth to have been able to achieve.It takes countless hours and a willing staff to prepare all the decorations, games, toys, and prizes we hand out during Vacation Bible School. Even after everything has been made and prepped, we still have to load it all in several vans and drive it all the way down to Mexico. Last year, I had the privilege to go and share the Gospel with over 200 children and teenagers. The amount of prizes for the kids that were donated to our church was overwhelming. Even though we did BBS for two very large churches, we had enough prizes for all the kids to receive at least three toys per person.These kids are extremely poor, therefore for them to have received these toys was an incredible blessing to them. During BBS, we were also able to feed all the kids and make sure they went home full; sadly, for most of these kids, that meal we gave them was the only thing they would eat that day. Cannot stress enough just how poor these children are, and yet, they are tremendously happy. It is quite unbelievable to see heir need and yet none of them complain about anything, while here in America, we have everything and still complain if it is too hot in a building with air conditioning.This helped me develop the pathos aspect by highlighting these mission trips and visiting said orphanages and underprivileged individuals. Being a member of my youth group has helped me mature and grow in so many ways. It has opened my eyes to see the world in a completely different perspective. My youth group has always been there with me through thick and thin; not one time have I ever felt rejected by them. Lastly, it has taught me about God and how much He wants to have a personal relationship with me.Because of my youth group, have the best group of friends I could imagine; all of my best friends are members as well. I cannot wait to start this new chapter in my life as assistant leaders for my youth group a nd looking back on all the years I have been a part of youth, am truly thankful that God has put me in this discourse community. Because of ethos, pathos, and logos, have earned valuable skills that I know I will need for future endeavors. I can honestly say I am a proud member of this discourse community.

Impact Of The American Auto Industry On The Economy

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While the amount of American cars has decreased in the local U.S. market share to international ones, the increase of foreign car production on U.S. soil has had the effect of creating new jobs for Americans both in the auto industry as well as in related new industries. The industry has seen huge growth numbers in the last few years with more growth expected. The automotive industry is the 3rd largest worldwide in research and development with Ford and General Motors leading with billions in investments. The increased access to data and information has been significant, and new technologies have also ushered in a new era with electronics which nowShow MoreRelatedEnvironmental Issues Facing Automobile Industry1071 Words   |  5 PagesENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES FACING AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY IN AMERICA The development of automobile industry in America started in 1896, when Henry Ford built the first American car. 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